Solid Helium

30-04-2021
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In condensed matter physics, a supersolid is a spatially ordered material with superfluid properties. In the case of helium-4, it has been conjectured since the 1960s that it might be possible to create a supersolid.[1] Starting from 2017, a definitive proof for the existence of this state was provided by several experiments using atomic Bose–Einstein condensates.[2] The general conditions required for supersolidity to emerge in a certain substance are a topic of ongoing research.

When helium (either type) becomes a solid, it crystalizes. That means that all the atoms hold themselves in a fixed arrangement with each other—to give one example, atoms can line up so that. According to the UC Davis ChemWiki Chemistry of Helium, helium has a comparatively unusual property, specifically: Helium is the only element that cannot be solidified by lowering the temperature at ordinary pressures. 'Ordinary' referring to standard air pressure (1 atmosphere). Helium can be made solid at room temperature if the pressure rises to about 114 thousand atmospheres: that is a pressure of 1.67 million psi, or 834 tons per square inch. This is over 100 times greater than the pressure at the oceans’ deepest point, the Challenger Deep, which is almost seven miles deep (10 916 meters). Jan 15, 2004 A sample of solid helium-4, confined in the nano-scale pores of Vycor glass and rotated in a torsional oscillator, underwent a transition below about 175 mK that indicated the onset of 'supersolid.

Background[edit]

A supersolid is a special quantum state of matter where particles form a rigid, spatially ordered structure, but also flow with zero viscosity. This is in contradiction to the intuition that flow, and in particular superfluid flow with zero viscosity, is a property exclusive to the fluid state, e.g., superconducting electron and neutron fluids, gases with Bose–Einstein condensates, or unconventional liquids such as helium-4 or helium-3 at sufficiently low temperature. For more than 50 years it was thus unclear whether the supersolid state can exist.[3]

Experiments using helium[edit]

While several experiments yielded negative results, in the 1980s, John Goodkind discovered the first anomaly in a solid by using ultrasound.[4] Inspired by his observation, in 2004 Eun-Seong Kim and Moses Chan at Pennsylvania State University saw phenomena which were interpreted as supersolid behavior.[5] Specifically, they observed a non-classical rotational moment of inertia[6] of a torsional oscillator. This observation could not be explained by classical models but was consistent with superfluid-like behavior of a small percentage of the helium atoms contained within the oscillator.

This observation triggered a large number of follow up studies to reveal the role played by crystal defects or helium-3 impurities. Further experimentation, however, has cast some doubt on the existence of a true supersolid in helium. Most importantly, it was shown that the observed phenomena could be largely explained due to changes in the elastic properties of the helium.[7] In 2012, Chan repeated his original experiments with a new apparatus that was designed to eliminate any such contributions. In this experiment, Chan and his coauthors found no evidence of supersolidity.[8]

SolidSolid helium temperature

Experiments using ultracold quantum gases[edit]

In 2017, two research groups from ETH Zurich and from MIT reported on the creation of an ultracold quantum gas with supersolid properties. The Zurich group placed a Bose–Einstein condensate inside two optical resonators, which enhanced the atomic interactions until they started to spontaneously crystallize and form a solid that maintains the inherent superfluidity of Bose–Einstein condensates.[9][10] This setting realises a special form of a supersolid, the so-called lattice supersolid, where atoms are pinned to the sites of an externally imposed lattice structure. The MIT group exposed a Bose–Einstein condensate in a double-well potential to light beams that created an effective spin-orbit coupling. The interference between the atoms on the two spin-orbit coupled lattice sites gave rise to a characteristic density modulation.[11][12]

In 2019, three groups from Stuttgart, Florence, and Innsbruck observed supersolid properties in dipolar Bose–Einstein condensates[13] formed from lanthanide atoms. In these systems, supersolidity emerges directly from the atomic interactions, without the need for an external optical lattice. This facilitated also the direct observation of superfluid flow and hence the definitive proof for the existence of the supersolid state of matter.[14][15]

Theory[edit]

In most theories of this state, it is supposed that vacancies – empty sites normally occupied by particles in an ideal crystal – lead to supersolidity. These vacancies are caused by zero-point energy, which also causes them to move from site to site as waves. Because vacancies are bosons, if such clouds of vacancies can exist at very low temperatures, then a Bose–Einstein condensation of vacancies could occur at temperatures less than a few tenths of a kelvin. A coherent flow of vacancies is equivalent to a 'superflow' (frictionless flow) of particles in the opposite direction. Despite the presence of the gas of vacancies, the ordered structure of a crystal is maintained, although with less than one particle on each lattice site on average. Alternatively, a supersolid can also emerge from a superfluid. In this situation, which is realised in the experiments with atomic Bose–Einstein condensates, the spatially ordered structure is a modulation on top of the superfluid density distribution.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^Chester, G. V. (1970). 'Speculations on Bose–Einstein Condensation and Quantum Crystals'. Physical Review A. 2 (1): 256–258. Bibcode:1970PhRvA...2..256C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.2.256.
  2. ^Donner, Tobias (2019-04-03). 'Viewpoint: Dipolar Quantum Gases go Supersolid'. Physics. 12. doi:10.1103/Physics.12.38.
  3. ^Balibar, Sebastien (March 2010). 'The enigma of supersolidity'. Nature. 464 (7286): 176–182. Bibcode:2010Natur.464..176B. doi:10.1038/nature08913. ISSN1476-4687. PMID20220834. S2CID4303097.
  4. ^Chalmers, Matthew (2007-05-01). 'The quantum solid that defies expectation'. Physics World. Retrieved 2009-02-25.
  5. ^Kim, E.; Chan, M. H. W. (2004). 'Probable Observation of a Supersolid Helium Phase'. Nature. 427 (6971): 225–227. Bibcode:2004Natur.427..225K. doi:10.1038/nature02220. PMID14724632. S2CID3112651.
  6. ^Leggett, A. J. (1970-11-30). 'Can a Solid Be 'Superfluid'?'. Physical Review Letters. 25 (22): 1543–1546. Bibcode:1970PhRvL..25.1543L. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.25.1543. S2CID122591300.
  7. ^Day, James; Beamish, John (December 2007). 'Low-temperature shear modulus changes in solid 4 He and connection to supersolidity'. Nature. 450 (7171): 853–856. arXiv:0709.4666. Bibcode:2007Natur.450..853D. doi:10.1038/nature06383. ISSN1476-4687. PMID18064007. S2CID4411989.
  8. ^Voss, David (2012-10-08). 'Focus: Supersolid Discoverer's New Experiments Show No Supersolid'. Physics. 5: 111. Bibcode:2012PhyOJ...5..111V. doi:10.1103/physics.5.111.
  9. ^Würsten, Felix (1 March 2017). 'Crystalline and liquid at the same time'. ETH Zurich. Retrieved 2018-01-18.
  10. ^Léonard, Julian; Morales, Andrea; Zupancic, Philip; Esslinger, Tilman; Donner, Tobias (1 March 2017). 'Supersolid formation in a quantum gas breaking a continuous translational symmetry'. Nature. 543 (7643): 87–90. arXiv:1609.09053. Bibcode:2017Natur.543...87L. doi:10.1038/nature21067. PMID28252072. S2CID4459567.
  11. ^Keller, Julia C. (March 2, 2017). 'MIT researchers create new form of matter'. MIT News. Retrieved 2018-01-18.
  12. ^Li, Jun-Ru; Lee, Jeongwon; Huang, Wujie; Burchesky, Sean; Shteynas, Boris; Top, Furkan Çağrı; Jamison, Alan O.; Ketterle, Wolfgang (1 March 2017). 'A stripe phase with supersolid properties in spin–orbit-coupled Bose–Einstein condensates'. Nature. 543 (7643): 91–94. arXiv:1610.08194. Bibcode:2017Natur.543...91L. doi:10.1038/nature21431. PMID28252062. S2CID4463520.
  13. ^Donner, Tobias (April 3, 2019). 'Viewpoint: Dipolar Quantum Gases go Supersolid'. APS Physics. Retrieved 2019-04-19.
  14. ^Guo, Mingyang; Böttcher, Fabian; Hertkorn, Jens; Schmidt, Jan-Niklas; Wenzel, Matthias; Büchler, Hans Peter; Langen, Tim; Pfau, Tilman (October 2019). 'The low-energy Goldstone mode in a trapped dipolar supersolid'. Nature. 574 (7778): 386–389. arXiv:1906.04633. Bibcode:2019Natur.574..386G. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1569-5. ISSN1476-4687. PMID31499511. S2CID184488202.
  15. ^Tanzi, L.; Roccuzzo, S. M.; Lucioni, E.; Famà, F.; Fioretti, A.; Gabbanini, C.; Modugno, G.; Recati, A.; Stringari, S. (October 2019). 'Supersolid symmetry breaking from compressional oscillations in a dipolar quantum gas'. Nature. 574 (7778): 382–385. arXiv:1906.02791. Bibcode:2019Natur.574..382T. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1568-6. ISSN1476-4687. PMID31499510. S2CID174801325.

External links[edit]

  • 'Supersolid behaviour spotted in dipolar quantum gases'. Physics World. 20 April 2019.

Particle Model Of Solid Helium

Temperature

Solid Helium Temperature

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